Analysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye - 1131 Words

Ackley is a minor character in the novel â€Å"the Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger. One of Ackley’s main attributes is his rudeness because â€Å"He was exactly the kind of a guy that wouldn’t get out of your light when you asked him to,† (Salinger, 21). He (Ackley) is also nosy; â€Å"He always picked up your stuff and looked at it,† (Salinger, 20). A few other attributes of Ackley’s are his unhygienic persona that has â€Å"†¦ a lot of pimples. Not just on his forehead†¦ but all over his whole face. And not only that, he had a terrible personality,† (Salinger, 19). Ultimately Ackley deeply despised Stradlater and â€Å"was always keeping tabs on Stradlater†¦even though he hated Stradlater’s guts,† (Salinger, 23). The Cather in the Rye is written in first-person and second-person point of view. The narrator starts of the story with this: â€Å"IF YOU REALLY want to hear about it, the first thing you’ll want to know is where I was born, and what my lousy childhood was like, and all that David Copperfield kind of crap, but I don’t feel like going into it, if you want to know the truth.† Here, the narrator, also known as Holden Caulfield, uses words like â€Å"I†, and â€Å"my† which coincide directly to that which defines what first-person point of view is but also uses words like â€Å"you†, indicating the narrator is speaking directly to the reader, which also defines the definition of second-person point of view. Phoebe is Holden Caulfield kid sister. â€Å"She [Phoebe] has this sort of red hair†¦that was very shortShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1452 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: The Catcher in the Rye 1. Significance of the title: Throughout the book we see Holden retreat into his head and imagination multiple times instead of dealing with the real world. When asked what he wants to do with his life he gives the title of a job he had wanted as a kid, to catch the people running through a rye field before they fell off the weird cliff it was on. He used to have dreams about doing this and protecting people. He has a very naà ¯ve view on the world and it shows thoughRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Rye 880 Words   |  4 Pages Risi Amadi Mr. Webb The Catcher in the Rye Part I: Reading Logs Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger Entry #1 220 Pages Pages 1-40 This book started very different compared to most other book, its different because throughout the beginning gives a lot of information is given to the reader that you would not expect until later on in the story. The beginning also gives us a back story of most of the characters but they go into most depth with Holden. Holden Caulfield is the main characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye 1080 Words   |  5 Pagesthe only one present. In the book The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger and the movie Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers hypocrisy, self-Isolation and the deception of adult-hood are themes that re-illiterate the coming of age for young-adults like Holden Caulfield and Igby Slocumb. At times, we as people forget the standards we claim set upon ourselves to embrace yet forgetting to act upon it. This entitlement of hypocrisy carries out commonly amongst The Catcher in The Rye and Igby Goes Down. It is portrayedRead MoreBook Analysis: Catcher in the Rye2386 Words   |  10 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye: ISU Questions Graham Eby Thursday, July 10, 2008 Chapters 1-8: 1. Holden’s attitude towards his parents seems negative because judging by the way he describes them, they sound touchy and overbearing with very high expectations. Pencey is a private school and his parents wanted him there, which gives us the impression that they expect a lot from him, and he can’t, or chooses not to give it to them. 2. Holden is isolated at Pencey by; Pencey is an all boys school, andRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Catcher Of The Rye By Quot. Salinger1240 Words   |  5 Pages The Catcher in the Rye, a novel written by J.D. Salinger, follows the short journey in which a teenage boy is coming to terms with his encroaching adulthood. Holden, the main character, has been kicked out of a private school for the third time. In New York, he is on the verge of a mental breakdown. Holden is reluctant to act on the obvious solution of returning home and feels discombobulation towards the consequences he might have to face. He reflects on the death of his brother and strugglesRead MoreTheme Analysis of Alienation in Books the Catcher in the Rye and 19841390 Words   |  6 PagesConcept, which originates in its modern form with Marx. For Marx Alienation is a Condition occurring in pre-Socialist societies, where the human Nature of man is made other than; alienate what man is really capable of being? The novels the Catcher in the Rye and 1984 Present Characters who’s Inability To conform to the norms of their Society Results in their Alienation. Alienation is a feeling of not belonging. This feeling can be physical, mental, Religious, spiritual, psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Characters And Themes Of The Catcher Rye 1537 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of Characters and Themes in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger was born in 1919 to a wealthy Manhattan family. He grew up in the same social conditions as Holden Caulfield does in The Catcher in the Rye. The last thing Salinger cared about was being a successful student because he was very lazy, without care for his responsibilities and tasks. Salinger flunked out of many prep schools, and his parents sent him to a military academy named Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, where he graduatedRead MoreTheme Of The Catcher In The Rye976 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger there are several different themes portrayed that widely relate to current issues of teenagers and adults alike. While reading the novel several different themes were revealed creating a deep and meaningful story line. Three themes viewed within the novel are; the phoniness of the adult world, alienation as a form of self-protection, and the painfulness of growing up. Each of these themes have large significance in character a nd plot developmentRead MoreShould Banned Be Banned? A High School Curriculum?1603 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Library Association, more than 11,300 books have been challenged since 1982. This staggering number reflects thousands of students being denied the rewarding benefits associated with reading complex forms of literature that convey important messages about life and its various problematic, profane, and distasteful aspects. Specifically, the inclusion of banned books in a high school curriculum containing obscene aspects would not only strengthen comprehensive reading skillsRead MoreJ.b. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1319 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger is well known for his works. His most famous being The Catcher in the Rye. Two other of his famous works include Nine stories and Franny and Zooey. J.D Salinger is also well known for his sense of humor that he includes inside of his books. The Catcher in the Rye has become an essential work to be studied in academic literature and its course of study. This book entails many uses of symbolism throughout the book. Symbolism is used

Analysis Of The Journey Of Meriwether Lewis And William Clark

Undaunted Courage by Stephen E. Ambrose follows the journey of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark as they explore the American West. Ambrose uses the thoughts of Lewis himself as a guide to the book; he even uses extensive journal entries which not only help the readers visualize what is going on during this expedition, but it helps the readers have a better understanding for what is happening in 19th century America. Ambrose uses a bit of his own logic and opinion in the book as well, he makes it apparent that he has nothing but admiration for Lewis and Clark which makes the book have an interesting turn compared to the normal historiography s. The first few chapters of the book, Undaunted Courage is more of a introduction to the early lifestyles of Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson and William Clark. Lewis was born in 1774 to one of the more elite plantation owning families in Virginia. Lewis had to undertake the death of his father in November of 1779 due to Pneumonia, which I be lieve shaped the rest of his life. He began receiving several years of formal education from the future President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson in order to be an eligible candidate to run the estate that his father had left him. In turn, Lewis developed a â€Å"strong, sprightly, and flowing writing style.† (Page 28) Lewis soon enlisted in the army and â€Å"on December 5, 1800, Lewis was promoted to captain.† (Page 50) Although, Thomas Jefferson had different intentions for Lewis. AmbroseShow MoreRelatedBook Review Analysis of the Journals of Lewis and Clark1046 Words   |  5 PagesBook Review Analysis 1. General Information 1.A. The title of the book is The Journals of Lewis and Clark. 2.A. The authors are Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, edited by Bernard DeVoto 3.A. The publisher is Houghton Mifflin Company in 1953 4.A. The book is about Lewis and Clark’s personal journals kept over the duration of their exploration of previously unexplored territory. 2. Content Analysis 2.A. In the preface, the editor explains the differences between his and an editor namedRead More Critical Review of Undaunted Courage Essay858 Words   |  4 Pagesthose trips that he developed a great fascination with the Lewis and Clark expedition that explored the West when the country was twenty-five years old. Ambrose creates a precise and true story of the expedition in witch most readers would be enthralled. His style is smooth, readable and enjoyable, unlike many historical nonfiction of the day. Undaunted courage has succeeded and conveying the meaning of the book and the significance of Lewis and Clark’s expedition. Ambrose’s attraction to the westRead MoreCritical Review of Undaunted Courage882 Words   |  4 Pagesthose trips that he developed a great fascination with the Lewis and Clark expedition that explored the West when the country was twenty-five years old. Ambrose creates a precise and true story of the expedition in witch most readers would be enthralled. His style is smooth, readable and enjoyable, unlike many historical nonfiction of the day. Undaunted courage has succeeded and conveying the meaning of the book and the significance of Lewis and Clarks expedition. Ambroses attraction to the westRead MoreThe American Revolutionary War And The Declaration Of The United States2177 Words   |  9 Pagesout the region. This journey was largely carried out in order to find a passage to the Pacific coast. In fact, â€Å"in the mind of Jefferson, conceiver and sponsor of the expedition†¦. backed by this interpretation, which was based on what was probably the most complete and accurate collection of geographical and cartographical materials on Western America, Jefferson knew that the passage existed† (Allen:1972, 18). President Jefferson was tasked with finding men for this journey; as a result, he askedRead MoreExploring The Wild West : Lewis And Clark Expedition3542 Words   |  15 PagesExploring the Wild West: Lewis and Clark Expedition Kenzie Cvar 2nd period 11-20-2014 Romero DUAL Within the time period of 1801- 1809 Thomas Jefferson was President and participated in the Louisiana Purchase. America bought 820,000 square miles from France. (All land that stretched from the Mississippi river, in total 15 states were bought from the purchase.) With this amount of un-known land, Jefferson called for an exploration and hired Meriwether Lewis, Jefferson’s secretary,Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

What is the main purpose of prison Free Essays

What is the main purpose of prison BY assists What is the main purpose of prisons? Although the human society is marching on all the time, a variety of crimes such as cheat, steal and even more serious kidnapping, rape and murder keep happening around us unavoidably. In order to maintain the stability of our countries and punish those people who commit crimes, prisons appear. That is the simplest reason for prison establishing, and in this article I will analyze the purpose of prisons deeply. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the main purpose of prison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Generally speaking, despite the punishment action, known as retribution, the purpose of prisons can be divided into another 3 categories. Firstly, incapacitation, it can be expressed as isolating the criminals and depriving their freedom by locking them in a secure place. Secondly, for people who intend to commit crime but have not broken the laws, prisons are deterrence to some extent. In another word, prisons act as a warning in people’s mind to prevent future crimes. Finally, rehabilitation means that the prisons have the responsibility to develop prisoners’ abilities and integrate them into society after releasing. Those activities may include but not limited in launching educational courses, teaching Job skills, informing current news s well as providing psychotherapy by professional staffs. However, after explaining the functions of prisons thoroughly, there comes a new problem for us, what should be the main purpose of prisons – rehabilitation (positive side) or punishment/societal protection (negative side)? In my opinion, it depends on the crime behavior and the intent behind the crime. If it is not a serious crime such as driving after drinking a bottle of beer, then absolutely yes, this person should be forgiven. And in this case, rehabilitation is the main purpose of prison to get him off of the wrong behavior. But then, if someone commit violate criminals such as murder or rape, the purpose of prison will change to the negative side and most of ordinary people will agree with locking him and punishing him with no hesitation. In this case, it is not necessary to give him another opportunity and the prison’s duty is only isolating the prisoner and taking away all the luxury things so that rehabilitation is not that important. In addition, if someone commits crime due to addition and has psychological problems, then rehabilitation should be put as priority, because punishment is useless for reforming addicts. How to cite What is the main purpose of prison, Papers

Effects of Standardization and Innovation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Standardization and Innovation. Answer: Introduction Many advances in the technology world has led to the fast progress and the rapid change in lifestyle that is being experienced. 3D printing is one such technology. Although the technology is not new, the applications have been developed in the recent years. Organizations are becoming aware of the vast implementations of 3D printing and is adopting them for cheaper and faster modes of manufacturing. The CEO of the XYZ organization wants to use this technology to increase the manufacturing capabilities of the organization as well as to expand its business in the next five years. XYZ organization is a major manufacturer of consumer products such as refrigerators, microwave ovens and many more. However, producing such goods requires a huge amount of stock and inventory space for storing the finished goods. The company incurs huge warehousing and insurance costs for maintaining such a huge inventory. Making spare parts has been an issue. Manufacturing spare parts for old models is complet ely stopped after a fixed period of time. This creates problems for customers who are using old products. The purpose of this report is to analyze and implement 3D technology for XYZ organization to reduce the manufacturing cost and increase production efficiency. Various scholarly literature sources including published journals have been used along with consulting various websites for research purposes. The contents of this report would include an elaboration of the different applications of 3D printing technology and a recommendation section that shows the implementation of 3D printing technology in the XYZ organization. Five 3D Printing Applications Rapid Production of Prototypes: Physical replicas can be created using 3D printing. Replicas of new parts or new designs of products can be made. Therefore, this process was later named as rapid prototyping (Macdonald et al., 2014). These replicas are a perfect copy of the original and can be made even in the absence of the original item. The new parts or products thus printed can be used as prototypes for understanding the working of the parts in their new environment. This is therefore the most economical method to test out new products and spare parts. New designs often entail failures as the new product might not be able to completely fulfil the requirement that it was supposed to in the first place. Molds and different other equipment is required for making a finalized product (Kalpakjian Schmid, 2014). However, in the event that the product is scrapped then the molds and some equipment must be changed in order to make adjustments to the product or the new parts. Such equipment is expensive and many companies cannot afford changed to it even before production has started. In the earlier times, the process making a replica took longer. Nevertheless, after the automation process was introduced, the time required for producing the replicas reduced considerably. Therefore, the prototyping and design changes now can be performed in a week rather than months. Design Iteration: Designing prototypes was not enough as the market demand and the production needs rose (Gao et al., 2015). Therefore, the design iteration has been developed where multiple designs of the same product was created for testing purposes. This has made the design testing process cheap and easy to implement. Ford is utilizing this technique to develop multiple prototype engines that can be tested before a design is finalized for mass production. In the earlier days, before the use of 3D printing technology for design iteration and testing, the engineers at Ford used to make separate molds for each design (Hoag Dondlinger 2015). One design was created and tested for performance. In the event, that the test was successful and was able to meet all the requirements then the prototype was then mass produced. However, if the prototype was not suitable then it was discarded and another had to be made and it took months of time and a huge amount of money to reach the perfectly working prototype (Schwartz, 2016). Now, Ford uses 3D printing to make different versions of the same engine and then test them out at the time. This not only save time but also money. Now, the desired solution is received faster and more efficiently than before. Production in Low Volumes: High amounts of production is needed to achieve the break-even point of production cost to the number of units manufactured. Every manufacturing unit is very costly and generally a production process is only started when the number of units to be produced is very high in comparison to the number of units to be manufactured (Paton et al., 2014). For small amounts of production needs, 3D printing is instead used that save the cost of production by a huge amount. The companies are opting for this technology especially for orders that entails production for 1000 units or even less. This is an estimated number and it will change depending on the nature of the product. In the event that the product is of nature such as an exotic car, then mas production is not an option as in that case every unit is produced separately (Mellor, Hao Zhang, 2014). Therefore, for such scenarios the use of 3D printing technology is very helpful. This is because only a small number o f cars are being produced and therefore the total investment for production is drastically reduced due to the use 3D printing. Additionally, the spare parts can also be printed by using this technology, which would bring down the cost of production even further and provide the parts on demand. Individually Customized Mass Production: The mass production of customized products is becoming a trend to satisfy the needs of each individual customer (Tseng Hu, 2014). The medical industry is the most frequent user of this model. People with damaged or worn out knee can take a knee transplant surgery. However, during the surgery the most suitable knee among a set of pre-manufactured artificial knee was selected by the doctor and that was used. Some cases produced complications for the patient due to the knee incompatibility (Barman Canizares, 2015). The invent of 3D printing for this scenario completely removed those complications. This is because the knee of the patient was scanned before the surgery and then a customized knee replacement was produced using 3D printing. Invisalign uses 3D printing technology to create customized teeth for their dental patients. The idea is that every person has their distinct set of teeth. Therefore, the company manufactures customized teeth by scanning the teeth set of different patients. Nevertheless, customization is not cheap and the customers have to pay a lot of money for individual customization (Wang et al., 2016) However, this is an appropriate application of 3D technology for industries, which depends on customization for providing better service to their customers. Minimization of Physical Inventory: 3D printing technology has been an advantage to companies that require a huge inventory space (Bhogal et al., 2016). Industries such as the automobile industry require a huge inventory space for storing materials for making the cars, the finished cars and a stock of spare parts for those cars. Maintaining such inventory space is expensive due to factors such as warehouse rent, insurance and parts that get basically stolen or lost. These scenarios can be avoided using 3D technology as the companies can produce only what is required by the customer and upon receiving the order (Zhang, Lv Shi, 2017). The size of the inventory thus shrinks to a huge level and therefore only raw materials and finished products ready to be delivered are stored. This type of production follows the lean manufacturing model where the product is created upon receiving an order from a customer. Toyota is one such company that follows this lean manufacturing model. They produ ce depending on the order that they receive. Therefore, this company and such a manufacturing process is most suitable for production using 3D technology as they can produce new cars faster after receiving an order from the customer. Proposed 3D Printing Applications XYZ is a company that manufactures consumer products such as refrigerators. Therefore, such company will require very specific 3D printing applications to boost their production while minimizing the cost incurred per unit produced. Rapid Production of Prototypes: Consumer appliances such as refrigerators, microwave ovens and washing machines must be tested rigorously before they can be sold to the customer for personal use. The material testing must be done on completely finished product to test the strength of the materials with which they are made (Ambrosi Pumera, 2016). However, the testing of the design can be conducted on prototypes created using 3D printing technology. The most advanced and rigorous form of testing can be made on these prototypes without the fear of cost or time overrun. These prototypes are easy to make and they are cheap. Therefore, rapid prototyping can be used to test new designs at low cost. The primary advantage that this application of 3D printing would produce to the company is the reduction of cost that they have to incur for creating and testing prototypes. These are therefore the most advanced form of testing that would be related to using prototypes only. However, this rapid production of prototypes has several disadvantages too that the company must be aware of and must apply 3D printing technology for making prototypes only when the circumstances are right. The prototypes that is created using 3D printing technology can only be tested for design failures (Lcking et al., 2015). The building material of various appliances must also be tested for tensile strength and various other mechanical tests that must be completed before these appliances are shipped to the customers. Spare parts can also be produced and tested using 3D printing. These appliances are used on daily basis and on a large scale. Therefore, a large stock of spare parts is required for repairing the appliances. Thus, using these spare parts made from 3D printing technology for testing can be beneficial to save costs as well as save time. Time can be saved as parts can be made at a faster rate with 3D printing technology than with conventional methods. In the manufacturing industry cost re duction is necessary, however time reduction is also needed to effectively reduce the cost of production even further. Production in Low Volumes: The production of different appliances varies depending on the demand. Some appliances such as the air conditioner and the refrigerator are in more demand in the summer season whereas heaters, geysers and microwave ovens are more in demand in the winter season (Gebler, Uiterkamp Visser, 2014). Therefore, these appliances must be produced depending on the demand on the market. Producing excessively will only increase the size of the finished goods stock. Therefore, the company can use this application of 3D technology when it needs to produce in low volumes and therefore cost of production is reduced as well as the storage space required to keep the finished products. As discussed in the above sections of the report, producing in low volumes accost less when 3D printing technology is used for the production. The cost to production ratio must be high for traditional methods of manufacturing to get a high return on investment (Dennis, 2016). However, if low a mounts of production are required the return on investment would me very low and at best marginal. Therefore, it is necessary that the company follows uses 3D printing to get the highest amount of return on investment. In the event that the company does decide to branch into other industries such as the medical industry, then this application model will help them in that industry as well. Minimization of Physical Inventory: Maintaining physical inventory is nonpreferable by many industries and companies, as the cost of storing the inventory is very high. Inventory maintenance. The company will be able to save a lot of investment by using 3D printing technology as they keep a virtual inventory in place of the physical inventory. Saving cost of production is of prime importance to all the companies. However, maintaining the quality of the produced goods is also necessary as the customers will not be satisfied with low quality products and is highly unethical on the part of the company to do so (Chuang Oliva, 2015). Therefore, XYZ can adopt this technology to minimize the physical inventory required for their manufacturing purposes. The most advanced utilization of the 3D printing technology is that of maintaining a virtual inventory as they can be very helpful for companies that do not have sufficient resources, which can be allocated for production. This form of techn ology will prove to be beneficial for them. This is because now they can reduce the cost of warehousing required to store inventory, maintaining insurance of that inventory that consists of raw materials, finished products and spare parts. Loss or theft of inventory are thus avoided due to this reduction of inventory. Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that the 3D printing technology can be utilized to reduce the production cost while maintaining the quality of the products and increasing the speed of production in the process. 3D printing technology is becoming a trend in many companies primarily in the manufacturing and the medical industry. The uses of this technology are limitless and the applications are coming to light only in the recent years. XYZ organization can use this technology to upgrade their manufacturing process and make it as cost effective as possible without compromising the quality. The problem of XYZ organization is that they wanted to expand their business by incurring as low cost as possible as any new venture requires a huge amount of investment that must be used to buy equipment and resources. Thus, 3D printing technology will definitely help them in their venture to maximize productivity and increase business. This report was able to achieve its objectives for providing suff icient information about 3D technology to the CEO of XYZ company and the advantages that they would have if they use this technology. However, 3D printing will face upgrades in the near future and some aspects of it might change. Therefore, the company must keep its resources open to change as the applications will vary depending on the use. In the future, XYZ can expand into the medical industry from the manufacturing industry and therefore, 3D printing will aid them on that as well but the applications will slightly change. Recommendation Three applications of 3D printing technology were proposed in the above sections of the report. The future of these applications with the use of this technology will be discussed in this section. Rapid production of prototypes can be utilized by the company to make various advances in the future such as use those prototypes not only for testing purposes but also for presentation purposes. Many times, the requirement of the client is vague and it takes considerable time to figure it out. Therefore, multiple iterations of the same product can be made and presented to the client and he or she will choose which version is required. Production in low volumes can be used to develop small batches of different products so that the client has immediate supply of the product that he or she requires. This will give the client a diversity of choice. Virtual inventory can be used to easily expand the business in the future at low cost. Reference List Ambrosi, A., Pumera, M. (2016). 3D-printing technologies for electrochemical applications. Chemical Society Reviews, 45(10), 2740-2755. Barman, S., Canizares, A. E. (2015). A survey of mass customization in practice. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 4(1). Bhogal, K. S., Rick, A. H. I., Pickover, C. A., Sand, A. R. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,256,898. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Chuang, H. H. C., Oliva, R. (2015). Inventory record inaccuracy: Causes and labor effects. Journal of Operations Management, 39, 63-78. Dennis, P. (2016). Lean Production simplified: A plain-language guide to the world's most powerful production system. Crc press. Gao, W., Zhang, Y., Nazzetta, D. C., Ramani, K., Cipra, R. J. (2015, November). Revomaker: Enabling multi-directional and functionally-embedded 3d printing using a rotational cuboidal platform. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software Technology (pp. 437-446). ACM. Gebler, M., Uiterkamp, A. J. S., Visser, C. (2014). A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies. Energy Policy, 74, 158-167. Hoag, K., Dondlinger, B. (2015). Vehicular engine design. Springer. Kalpakjian, S., Schmid, S. R. (2014). Manufacturing engineering and technology (p. 913). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson. Lcking, T. H., Sambale, F., Beutel, S., Scheper, T. (2015). 3D?printed individual labware in biosciences by rapid prototyping: A proof of principle. Engineering in Life Sciences, 15(1), 51-56. Macdonald, E., Salas, R., Espalin, D., Perez, M., Aguilera, E., Muse, D., Wicker, R. B. (2014). 3D printing for the rapid prototyping of structural electronics. IEEE Access, 2, 234-242. Mellor, S., Hao, L., Zhang, D. (2014). Additive manufacturing: A framework for implementation. International Journal of Production Economics, 149, 194-201. Paton, K. R., Varrla, E., Backes, C., Smith, R. J., Khan, U., ONeill, A., ... Higgins, T. (2014). Scalable production of large quantities of defect-free few-layer graphene by shear exfoliation in liquids. Nature materials, 13(6), 624. Tseng, M. M., Hu, S. J. (2014). Mass customization. In CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering (pp. 836-843). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wang, Z., Zhang, M., Sun, H., Zhu, G. (2016). Effects of standardization and innovation on mass customization: An empirical investigation. Technovation, 48, 79-86. Zhang, Q., Lv, X., Shi, J. (2017, June). Research on inventory sharing model of frequent mining machinery maintenance spare parts. In Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2017 12th IEEE Conference on (pp. 1224-1229). IEEE.